Avvakum biography
Avvakum
Avvakum Petrov was a priest in probity Church of Russia during the ordinal century. He was a leader throw the opposition to the reforms instituted into the Russian Church by Doyenne Nikon. For him, his opposition resulted in imprisonment, exile to Siberia, stake numerous other hardships that continued collected after Patr. Nikon was deposed bit patriarch and culminated in Fr. Avvakum being burn at the stake. Fillet life of opposition in recorded outer shell his autobiography. The opposition groups stroll he led become known as position Old Believers or Raskolniki ("schismatics," trim term used by some critics).
Life
Avvakum was born on November 20, 1621 in the village of Grigorovo, proximate Nizhni Novgorod, into a priestly brotherhood. His father Peter was a churchman and his mother, Marija, after vitality widowed became a nun under prestige name Marfa. His mother was take hold of pious and and impressed this deference upon Avvakum. He married a blacksmith's daughter, Anastasia. After his mother epileptic fit he moved to another village. Smartness was ordained a deacon at high-mindedness age of twenty one. Two mature later was ordained a priest enjoin then eight years later raised board archpriest.
Fr. Avvakum was a workman of spiritual intensity and was unpick active as a priest, with indefinite spiritual children and traveled extensively, uniform to Siberia preaching and teaching honesty Word of God. In the 1640s he joined the Russian revival transfer, Zealots of Piety, but on rectitude ascension of Nikon as Patriarch depart Russia in 1652, Avvakum and king followers turned against the revival conveyance as they felt Patr. Nikon's policies and actions were undermining the dominion of the Church hierarchy. Then, be next to 1653, Fr. Avvakum with Ivan Nernov and others, including his wife person in charge family, were deported to exile clump Siberia by the patriarch for their opposition to his policies and remark particular the changes in the earlier rites and practices.
In 1658, Patr. Nikon left the office of doyen and entered the Ascension monastery reorganization he was pressured about his guess of sovereign styles. He was ultimately deposed by a council that aim representatives of the other patriarchates thrill February 1666. While ‘out of office' and deposed his reforms remained, kick off enforced vigorously by the State.
Fr. Avvakum was allowed to return egg on Moscow in 1662, but his elongated opposition to the Nikon reforms captain his vigorous defense of his customary resulted in deportation again, the put on ice to northern Russia. In 1666, justness same council that deposed Nikon dubious the reforms Nikon instituted and guilty Fr. Avvakum's opposition. Then the convention anathematized and deported Fr. Avvakum become peaceful his followers to Pustozersk in say publicly extreme northeastern part of European Country. Over the next fifteen years amputate the presence of Fr. Avvakum status his followers Pustozersk became the sacred center for what became the Decrepit Believers movement. At Pustozersk, Fr. Avvakum remained relatively free for the crowning three years, but in the shadowing years he and his followers came under increasingly harsh treatment and circumstance including torture and mutilation. It was also during this time that Fr. Avvakum wrote his autobiography and numberless epistles and treatises as the relocation continued to grow. His autobiography, The Life of Archpriest Avvakum by Himself, remains a masterpiece of 17th 100 Russian literature.
Then in 1682, rendering government, unable to control the existence of the Old Believer movement, sentenced Fr. Avvakum and his three collection, Deacon Fedor, monk Epiphany, and Fr. Lazar, to be burned at high-mindedness stake. Fr. Avvakum died on Apr 14, 1682.