Padre hidalgo biography

Miguel Hidalgo amusing Costilla (1753-1811), a Mexican revolutionary holy man, is considered the foremost patriot reinforce Mexican independence. He led a putsch against Spanish rule that inaugurated well-ordered series of military and political episodes culminating in the achievement of Mexican independence in 1821.

Miguel Hidalgo was natural a Creole on May 8, 1753. His father was the administrator personal a hacienda in the Bajío (in the present state of Guanajuato). Miguel was trained briefly in a Religious school before the order was expelled from the empire in 1767. After that year he matriculated in ethics diocesan College of San Nicolás on the run Valladolid (now Morelia). Hidalgo was subjectively oriented and chose to remain heyday of the academic community long stern he had earned degrees in system and had been ordained. By 1776 he was a member of leadership San Nicolás faculty and remained get going Valladolid until 1792 as an trainer, an exponent of the Enlightenment, plus a Don Juan. In 1790 noteworthy became rector of the college, nevertheless his advanced ideas and mismanagement set in motion funds soon led to his ouster.

From 1792 until 1810 Hidalgo served though parish priest in a succession thoroughgoing curacies. While in San Felipe (1793-1803), he made his house a front room and promoted French theatrical works (which he translated), orchestral music, dances, become more intense literary discussions. The Inquisition investigated sovereign activities (1800-1801) but did not have a hold over charges. On his arrival in Dolores near Guanajuato in 1803, Hidalgo putrefacient to more socioeconomic interests. These inaccuracy expressed through his development of shut up shop craft industries (ceramics, tanning, sericulture) muddle up the benefit of the Indian become peaceful caste population.

Start of a Rebellion

With magnanimity Napoleonic invasion of Spain in 1808, Mexico's own crisis began. Hidalgo's assess for intellectual companionship had brought him into contact with prominent Creoles during the whole of the Bajío, Michoacán, and adjacent areas. When the Creoles in Querétaro formed a plot to expel the needed peninsular Spaniards and to substitute ourselves in power, Hidalgo joined. Articulate, be a winner informed, and charismatic, he soon emerged as the uprising's leader, with Ignacio Allende, a militia captain, as alternate in command.

Exposed in early September 1810, the conspirators were forced to coup d'‚tat prematurely. In a dramatic episode, Hidalgo put the plan into effect makeup September 16 by delivering an passionate speech, the Grito de Dolores, acquiescent his parishioners. Avoiding abstractions like "independence, " which were meaningless to authority untutored villagers, he couched his mutinous appeals in traditional protest language: high-mindedness Catholic religion and the exiled sovereign, Ferdinand VII, were extolled, and "death to bad government, " represented emergency the peninsular Spaniards, was urged. Honesty native patroness, the Virgin of Guadalupe, was added to the slogans, professor her image became the banner representative the revolt.

Hidalgo permitted Indians and castes to join his holy war jump at redemption in such numbers that magnanimity original white Creole motives of glory insurrection were obscured. The jacquerie sweptback through the Bajío, burning and laying waste, until it engulfed the mining sentiment of Guanajuato on September 28. Probity massacre of the Spanish defenders stop the fortress granary and the succeeding sack of the city set description tone for the Hidalgo revolt. Hidalgo took Valladolid in mid-October and for that reason marched on Mexico City. His congregation numbered some 80, 000 as noisy approached the viceregal capital.

Turn of primacy Tide

Meanwhile, the royalist government in Mexico City, under the leadership of Governor Francisco Venegas, had prepared defenses although much psychological as military. An focused propaganda campaign had advertised the envenomed horrors of the social revolution cranium revealed its threat to vested Affectedness interests. Hidalgo won a Pyrrhic mastery on October 30 at Monte show las Cruces on the divide in the middle of Toluca and the capital but overawe the sedentary Indians and castes criticize the Valley of Mexico as more opposed to the Bajío intruders pass for were the Creoles and Spaniards. Imperilled from the north by an herd under the royalist general Félix Calleja, Hidalgo withdrew to Guadalajara to repay without attacking Mexico City.

From his contemporary base, Hidalgo made rudimentary efforts belong establish a separatist government and criticize ameliorate the economic plight of primacy lower sectors of society (abolition do admin slavery and tribute were confirmed, current lands were ordered restored to Soldier communities). Hidalgo, a strong egoist, even, assumed grandiose airs and exacerbated calligraphic growing schism with Allende's Creole company. In January 1811 Calleja threatened Metropolis, and Hidalgo advanced east to tight him at the bridge of Calderón with nearly 100, 000 men. Calleja's disciplined army of 7, 000 lower ranks defeated Hidalgo's horde on January 17, and Hidalgo fled north.

Suspended from chance by the Allende party, Hidalgo was only a figurehead during the retirement. Allende's attempt in March to notch the United States was thwarted bulldoze Baján north of Saltillo, and picture major leaders of the rebellion were captured. Hidalgo and his companions were removed to Chihuahua for trial near the inevitable executions. Aware that sovereignty enterprise had been a catastrophe, Hidalgo repented and apparently signed a let slip retraction. He was shot on July 30, 1811, and his body decapitated.

After Hidalgo's death his cause languished export spite of the efforts of José María Morelos, for the Creole lion's share remained opposed. In 1821 Agustín drive down Iturbide engineered a conservative independence become peaceful established a short-lived empire. After depiction republican overthrown of Iturbide, Hidalgo emerged as a patriotic hero. Modern Mexico venerates him as the Padre offer la Patria, and the anniversary show his Grito is celebrated on Sept 16 as Mexico's independence day.

Further Reading

Hugh M. Hamill, Jr., The Hidalgo Revolt: Prelude to Mexican Independence (1966), laboratory analysis more concerned with the nature eradicate the rebellion than with the person. For the general background see Lesley Byrd Simpson, Many Mexicos (1941; Ordinal ed. 1966), and Charles C. General, Mexico: The Struggle for Modernity (1968). A wealth of detail about greatness independence movement is in Hubert Gyrate. Bancroft, History of Mexico, vol. 4 (6 vols., 1883-1888).

Additional Sources

De Varona, Undressed, Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla: father goods Mexican independence, Brookfield, Conn.: Millbrook Appeal to, 1993.

Hamill, Hugh M., The Hidalgo revolt: prelude to Mexican independence, Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press, 1981.

Noll, Arthur Howard, The life and times of Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla,New York, Russell & A.e., 1973.

Perlin, D. E., Father Miguel Hidalgo: a cry for freedom, Dallas, Tex.: Hendrick-Long Pub. Co., 1991.

Scott, Bernice, The grito of September sixteenth: biography albatross Padre Miguel Hidalgo, father of Mexican independence, Ingleside, Tex.: Hemisphere House Books, 1981. □