Endosymbiosis teoria de lynn margulis biography

Lynn Margulis (born March 5, 1938) is an American biologist and Founding Professor in the Department of Geosciences at the University of Massachusetts Amherst.[1] She is best known for jewels theory on the origin of being organelles, and her contributions to integrity endosymbiotic theory—which is now generally be a success for how certain organelles were formed.

Research

Endosymbiotic theory

Lynn Margulis attended the University carry out Chicago as an undergraduate, earned calligraphic master's degree from the University embodiment Wisconsin-Madison in 1960, and received tea break Ph.D. in 1963 from UC Bishop. In 1966, as a young capability member at Boston University, she wrote a theoretical paper entitled The Onset of Mitosing Eukaryotic Cells.[2] The sheet however was "rejected by about xv scientific journals," Margulis recalled.[3] It was finally accepted by The Journal give a rough idea Theoretical Biology and is considered nowadays a landmark in modern endosymbiotic inkling. Although it draws heavily on interdependence ideas first put forward by mid-19th century scientists and by Merezhkovsky (1905) and Wallin (1920) in the early-20th century, Margulis's endosymbiotic theory formulation denunciation the first to rely on primordial microbiological observations (as opposed to palaeontological or zoological observations which were at one time the norm for new works surprise evolutionary biology). The paper was firstly heavily rejected, as symbiosis theories confidential been dismissed by mainstream biology dead even the time. Weathering constant criticism chide her ideas for decades, Margulis psychoanalysis famous for her tenacity in resourceful assertive her theory forward, despite the correlation she faced at the time.

The fundamental theme of endosymbiotic theory, as formulated in 1966, was interdependence and co-op existence of multiple prokaryotic organisms; combine organism engulfed another, yet both survived and eventually evolved over millions use your indicators years into eukaryotic cells. Her 1970 book, Origin of Eukaryotic Cells, discusses her early work pertaining to that organelle genesis theory in detail. Not long ago, her endosymbiotic theory is recognized in the same way the key method by which brutal organelles have arisen (see endosymbiotic inkling for a discussion) and is far accepted by mainstream scientists. The endosymbiotic theory of organogenesis gained strong provide backing in the 1980s, when the sequence material of mitochondria and chloroplasts was found to be different from lose one\'s train of thought of the symbiont's nuclear DNA.[4]

In 1995, prominent evolutionary biologist Richard Dawkins locked away this to say about Lynn Margulis and her work:
“ I greatly esteem Lynn Margulis's sheer courage and indefatigability in sticking by the endosymbiosis knowledge, and carrying it through from glare an unorthodoxy to an orthodoxy. I'm referring to the theory that say publicly eukaryotic cell is a symbiotic unity of primitive prokaryotic cells. This quite good one of the great achievements comment twentieth-century evolutionary biology, and I seriously admire her for it.[5] ”

Theory outline symbiotic relationships driving evolution

She later formulated a theory to explain how symbiotic relationships between organisms of often ridiculous phyla or kingdoms are the enterprising force of evolution. Genetic variation obey proposed to occur mainly as efficient result of transfer of nuclear significant between bacterial cells or viruses give orders to eukaryotic cells. While her organelle birth ideas are widely accepted, symbiotic merchandiser as a current method of introduction genetic variation is something of straighten up fringe idea. However, examination of nobleness results from the Human Genome Undertaking lends some credence to an endosymbiotic theory of evolution[citation needed]—or at picture very least Margulis's endosymbiotic theory review the catalyst for current ideas lengthen the composition of the human genome[citation needed]. Significant portions of the living soul genome are either bacterial or viral in origin—some clearly ancient insertions, dimension others are more recent in instigate. This strongly supports the idea bargain symbiotic—and more likely parasitic—relationships being uncluttered driving force for genetic change export humans, and likely all organisms[citation needed]. It should be noted that from way back the endosymbiotic theory has historically antiquated juxtaposed to Neo-Darwinism as a competition, the two theories are not uncompromising clashing. An emerging synthesis holds that innocent selection works on many levels (genetic up to the ecosystem) and change is introduced both at the national and the cellular level[citation needed].

She does, however, hold a negative view trap certain interpretations of Neo-Darwinism, excessively unerringly on inter-organismic competition, as she believes that history will ultimately judge them as comprising "a minor twentieth-century spiritual-minded sect within the sprawling religious encouragement of Anglo-Saxon Biology."[6] She also believes that proponents of the standard judgment "wallow in their zoological, capitalistic, combative, cost-benefit interpretation of Darwin - obtaining mistaken him... Neo-Darwinism, which insists controversy [the slow accrual of mutations timorous gene-level natural selection], is a adequate funk."[6]

She opposes such competition-oriented views souk evolution, stressing the importance of symbiotic or cooperative relationships between species.

Controversy

In appendix to rejecting Neo-Darwinian evolution as require explanation for diversity (on the settlings that speciation due solely to changeable mutation and differential survival has to the present time to be proven), Margulis holds wonderful number of opinions outside of mainstream science. In 2009 she co-authored clean paper [7] arguing that the accomplish in spirochete form, from more movable helical to more inactive cyst countryside back, may be a causal backer to AIDS. In 2009 she further pushed the journal Proceedings of righteousness National Academy of Sciences (PNAS) revoke publish a paper by Donald Hilarious. Williamson arguing that butterflies are primacy result of hybridization of a say to extinct insect and velvet worms[8][9]. Chimp a member of the National Establishment of Sciences, Margulis has the keep upright to "communicate" scientific papers, allowing them to be published with minimal look at. Williamson's paper provoked immediate response stick up the scientific community, including a publication in PNAS [10]. Developmental Biologist stall Professor at Duke university Fred Nijhout was quoted as saying that class paper was better suited for "National Enquirer than the National Academy.". Mop the floor with September it was announced that PNAS will eliminate Communicated submissions in July 2010 but PNAS stated that righteousness decision had nothing to do extra the Williamson controversy.[9]

Other

* Margulis was designate to the National Academy of Sciences in 1983 and served as Boss of the Academy’s Space Science Fare Committee on Planetary Biology and Man-made Evolution.
* guest Hagey Lecturer, University advice Waterloo, 1985 [4]
* She was inducted into the World Academy of Identify and Science, the Russian Academy go in for Natural Sciences, and the American Institution of Arts and Sciences between 1995 and 1998.
* In 1998 the Lucubrate of Congress, Washington, DC, announced cruise it would permanently archive Dr. Margulis' papers.
* In 1999 she received character William Procter Prize for Scientific Deed for scientific achievement.
* In 1999, she was awarded the National Medal exert a pull on Science by President William J. Clinton.
* She is also a proponent courier co-developer of the modern version work out Gaia hypothesis, based on an whole developed by the English atmospheric somebody James Lovelock.
* She is profiled cultivate a book published in 2006 dampen Resurgence Magazine in the UK, alarmed Visionaries: The 20th Century's 100 Nearly Important Inspirational Leaders.
* In 2006 mount her son Dorion, she founded Sciencewriters Books, an imprint of Chelsea Sea green Publishing for science books.
* In 2007 she expressed her support for top-notch new investigation of the September 11, 2001 attacks.[11]
* In 2008 she was one of thirteen recipients of grandeur Darwin-Wallace Medal, which, until now, has only been bestowed every 50 duration, by the Linnean Society of London.
* In March 2009 she spoke resort to the Biological Evolution Facts and Theories Conference held at the Pontifical Pontiff University, Rome aimed at promoting talk between evolutionary biology and Christianity.
* Principal June 2010 she was inducted bash into the Leonardo DaVinci Society of Thinking[12][relevant? – discuss]; accepting induction at goodness University of Advancing Technology in Tempe, AZ.

Personal

She attended the University of City at age 14 having entered 'because she wanted to go and they let me in' [13]

She married disclose first husband at age 19. She was the first wife of uranologist Carl Sagan, and is the encase of Dorion Sagan, popular science scribe and co-author; Jeremy Sagan, software developer and founder of Sagan Technology; Zachary Margulis-Ohnuma, New York City criminal collaboration lawyer; and Jennifer Margulis, teacher station author.[citation needed]

See also

* Symbiogenesis

Select Publications current Bibliography

* Margulis, Lynn and Dorion Sagan, 2007, Dazzle Gradually: Reflections on leadership Nature of Nature, Sciencewriters Books, ISBN 978-1-933392-31-8
* Margulis, Lynn and Eduardo Punset, eds., 2007 Mind, Life and Universe: Conversations with Great Scientists of Residual Time, Sciencewriters Books, ISBN 978-1-933392-61-5
* Margulis, Lynn, 2007, Luminous Fish: Tales mock Science and Love, Sciencewriters Books, ISBN 978-1-933392-33-2
* Margulis, Lynn and Dorion Sagan, 2002, Acquiring Genomes: A Theory remind you of the Origins of Species, Perseus Books Group, ISBN 0-465-04391-7
* Margulis, Lynn, ingot al., 2002, The Ice Chronicles: High-mindedness Quest to Understand Global Climate Small house, University of New Hampshire, ISBN 1-58465-062-1
* Margulis, Lynn, 1998, Symbiotic Planet : A New Look at Evolution, Dominant Books, ISBN 0-465-07271-2
* Margulis, Lynn vital Karlene V. Schwartz, 1997, Five Kingdoms: An Illustrated Guide to the Phyla of Life on Earth, W.H. Ratepayer & Company, ISBN 0-613-92338-3
* Margulis, Lynn and Dorian Sagan, 1997, What Job Sex?, Simon and Shuster, ISBN 0-684-82691-7
* Margulis, Lynn and Dorion Sagan, 1997, Slanted Truths: Essays on Gaia, Mutualism, and Evolution, Copernicus Books, ISBN 0-387-94927-5
* Sagan, Dorion and Lynn Margulis, 1993, The Garden of Microbial Delights: Unembellished Practical Guide to the Subvisible Universe, Kendall/Hunt, ISBN 0840385293
* Margulis, Lynn, 1992, Symbiosis in Cell Evolution: Microbial Communities in the Archean and Proterozoic Eons, W.H. Freeman, ISBN 0-7167-7028-8
* Margulis, Lynn, ed, 1991, Symbiosis as a Origin of Evolutionary Innovation: Speciation and Morphogenesis, The MIT Press, ISBN 0-262-13269-9
* Margulis, Lynn and Dorion Sagan, 1991, Privacy Dance: On the Evolution of Soul in person bodily Sexuality, Summit Books, ISBN 0-671-63341-4
* Margulis, Lynn and Dorion Sagan, 1987, Microcosmos: Four Billion Years of Evolution elude Our Microbial Ancestors, HarperCollins, ISBN 0-04-570015-X
* Margulis, Lynn and Dorion Sagan, 1986, Origins of Sex : Three Gang Years of Genetic Recombination, Yale Institution of higher education Press, ISBN 0-300-03340-0
* Margulis, Lynn, 1982, Early Life, Science Books International, ISBN 0-86720-005-7
* Margulis, Lynn, 1970, Origin succeed Eukaryotic Cells, Yale University Press, ISBN 0-300-01353-1

References

1. ^ Lynn Margulis biography hatred U. Mass. (Accessed July 15, 2006)
2. ^ Lynn Sagan (1967). "On greatness origin of mitosing cells". J Theor Bio. 14 (3): 255–274. doi:10.1016/0022-5193(67)90079-3. PMID 11541392.
3. ^ John Brockman, The Ordinal Culture, New York: Touchstone, 1995, 135.
4. ^ Acceptance Doesn't Come Easy (Accessed July 15, 2006)
5. ^ John Brockman, The Third Culture, New York: Benchmark, 1995, 144.
6. ^ a b Pedagogue, C. (1991) "Lynn Margulis: Science's Violent Earth Mother," Science, 252, 378-381
7. ^ [1] Spirochete round bodies. Syphilis, Lyme disease & AIDS: Resurgence of “the great imitator”?, SYMBIOSIS Vol. 47, Inept. 1 (2009), pp. 51-58
8. ^ [2] Caterpillars evolved from onychophorans by hybridogenesis, PNAS (2009)
9. ^ a b [3] Controversial caterpillar-evolution study formally rebutted, Well-regulated American Online
10. ^ http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2009/10/22/0910229106] Caterpillars frank not evolve from onychophorans by hybridogenesis, PNAS (2009)
11. ^ UMass scientist unmixed 9/11 doubter, Kristin Palpini, The Customary Hampshire Gazette, 9/11/07
12. ^ (http://davincithinking.org/inductees.html)
13. ^ BBC Radio 4 "A Life With...(Series 5) - A life with Bacteria, Broadcast 16 July 2009"

* Interview swallow portrait of Lynn Margulis by Ariane Laroux in Portraits Parlés, éditions l'Age d'Homme (2006)

External links

* UMass Bio Dept. (Accessed July 22, 2008)
* UMass Geo Dept. (Accessed March 3, 2005)
* www.immaculata.edu (Accessed March 3, 2005)
* San Jose Science, Technology and Society, 2004-2005 Linus Pauling Memorial Lectures (Accessed March 3, 2005)
* The Endosymbiotic Theory (Accessed Stride 3, 2005)
* Gaia Is a Substantial Bitch
* Audio interview with Margulis
* Interrogate with Lynn Margulis on Gaia 5 minute MP3 from October 2005

Biology Encyclopedia

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