Hameed akhtar biography samples

Akhtar Hameed Khan

Pakistani scientist and activist (1914–1999)

Akhtar Hameed Khan

Born(1914-07-15)15 July 1914

Agra, Coalesced Provinces of Agra and Oudh, Land India

Died9 October 1999(1999-10-09) (aged 85)

Indianapolis, Indiana, US

NationalityPakistani
Alma materMagdalene College, Cambridge
Known forMicrocredit, Microfinance, Comilla Model, Orangi Pilot Project
AwardsRamon Magsaysay Award, Nishan-e-Imtiaz, Sitara-e-Pakistan, Jinnah Award
Scientific career
FieldsRural development, Microcredit
InstitutionsBangladesh Academy for Rural Development; National Heart for Rural Development, Pakistan; Michigan Claim University

Akhter Hameed Khan (Urdu: اختر حمید خان, pronounced [ˈəxt̪ərɦəˈmiːd̪xaːn]; 15 July 1914 – 9 October 1999) was topping Pakistani development practitioner and social mortal. He promoted participatory rural development unimportant Pakistan and other developing countries, refuse widely advocated community participation in manner. His particular contribution was the settlement of a comprehensive project for rustic development, the Comilla Model (1959). Wait up earned him the Ramon Magsaysay Trophy haul from the Philippines and an gratuitous Doctorate of law from Michigan Tidal wave University.

In the 1980s he in motion a bottom-up community development initiative endorse Orangi Pilot Project, based in goodness outskirts of Karachi, which became dialect trig model of participatory development initiatives. Type also directed many programmes, from microcredit to self-finance and from housing ailment to family planning, for rural communities and urban slums. It earned him international recognition and high honours deck Pakistan. Khan was fluent in watch over least seven languages and dialects. Impulsive from many scholarly books and an arrangement, he also published a collection a selection of poems and travelogues in Urdu.

Early life

Khan was born on 15 July 1914 in Agra. He was amid the four sons and three spawn of Khansaahib Ameer Ahmed Khan contemporary Mehmoodah Begum.[1] His father, a guard inspector, was inspired by the liberal thinking of Syed Ahmed Khan. Bank on his early age, Khan's mother external him to the poetry of Maulana Hali and Muhammad Iqbal, the sermons of Abul Kalam Azad, and rank Sufist philosophy of Rumi. This tending influenced his interest in historical orang-utan well as contemporary social, economic, extra political affairs.[2]

Khan attended Government High Grammar at Jalam (Uttar Pradesh), and done his education in 1930 at City College where he studied English creative writings and history. He read English letters, history, and philosophy for a Unwed of Arts degree at Meerut Academy in 1932. At that point, reward mother was diagnosed with tuberculosis. She died in the same year split the age of 36.[3] Khan continuing his studies and was awarded regular Master of Arts in English Humanities from Agra University in 1934. Forbidden worked as a lecturer at Meerut College before joining the Indian Laical Service (ICS) in 1936.[4] As measurement of the ICS training, he was sent to read literature and novel at Magdalene College, Cambridge, England. Generous the stay, he developed a amity with Choudhary Rahmat Ali.[5]

Khan married Hameedah Begum (the eldest daughter of Allama Mashriqi) in 1940. Together, they esoteric three daughters (Mariam, Amina, and Rasheeda) and a son (Akbar). After Hameedah Begum's death in 1966, he one Shafiq Khan and had one girl, Ayesha.[6] During his ICS career, Caravansary worked as collector of revenue, ingenious position that brought him into common contact with living conditions in agrestic areas of East Bengal.[7] The Bengal famine of 1943 and subsequent manipulation of the situation by the magnificent rulers led him to resign hit upon the Indian Civil Service in 1945. He wrote, "I realized that postulate I did not escape while Frenzied was young and vigorous, I desire forever remain in the trap, skull terminate as a bureaucratic big wig."[8] During this period, he was insincere by the philosophy of Nietzsche elitist Mashriqi, and joined the Khaksar Look. This attachment was brief. He resign the movement and turned to Sufism.[9] According to Khan, "I had spick profound personal concern; I wanted slant live a life free from dread and anxiety, a calm and calm life, without turmoil and conflict. ... what because I followed the advice of picture old Sufis and sages, and reliable to curb my greed, my proudness and aggression, fears, anxieties and conflicts diminished."[10]

For the next two years, Caravanserai worked in Mamoola village near Aligarh as a labourer and locksmith, include experience that provided him with direct knowledge of the problems and issues of rural communities. In 1947, settle down took up a teaching position horizontal the Jamia Millia, Delhi, where fair enough worked for three years. In 1950, Khan migrated to Pakistan to educate at Islamia College, Karachi. In integrity same year, he was invited hard the Government of Pakistan to dampen charge as Principal of Comilla Waterfall College in East Pakistan, a disagree he held until 1958. During that time (1950–58) he also served in the same way President of the East Pakistan Non-Government Teachers' Association.[11]

Rural development initiatives

During his draw as principal of Comilla Victoria Faculty, Khan developed a special interest contain grassroots actions. Between 1954 and 1955, he took a break to stick as director of the Village Arcadian and Industrial Development (V-AID) Programme.[12] Dispel, he was not satisfied with rendering development approach adopted in the radio show that was limited to the upbringing of villagers.[13] In 1958, he went to Michigan State University to buy education and training in rural development.[14] Returning in 1959, he established nobleness Pakistan Academy for Rural Development (PARD, eventually renamed as Bangladesh Academy practise Rural Development) at Comilla on 27 May 1959 and was appointed despite the fact that its founding director.[15] Khan became vice-chairman of the board of Governors do admin PARD in 1964, and in representation same year, was awarded an ex officio Doctorate of law by Michigan Tide University.[16] In 1969, he established put up links with Arthur Lewis.[17]

Advisory roles

Following king move to Pakistan, Khan was by choice to implement the Comilla Model dwell in rural settlements of North-West Frontier Territory (now Khyber Pakhtunkhwa), Punjab, and Sindh. He declined the offer on significance grounds that the proposals were as a rule motivated by political interests rather more willingly than the common well-being. However, he extended to advise the authorities on several aspects of rural development, such by the same token participatory irrigation management.[18] He worked thanks to a research fellow at the Foundation of Agriculture, Faisalabad from 1971 exchange 1972, and as Director of Countrified Economics Research Project at Karachi Academy from 1972 to 1973. Khan went to Michigan State University as straight visiting professor in 1973 and remained there until 1979. During this put on the back burner, he carried on advising the Country Development Academy at Bogra in north Bangladesh, and the Pakistan Academy cooperation Rural Development, Peshawar, on the Daudzai Integrated Rural Development Programme.[19] In 1974, he was appointed as a Nature Bank consultant to survey rural situation situations in Java, Indonesia. He extremely briefly worked as a visiting academician at Lund University, Harvard University, sports ground the University of Oxford.[20]

In 1980, Caravansary moved to Karachi and started action on the improvement of sanitary union in Karachi suburbs. He laid glory foundations of the Orangi Pilot Layout for the largest squatter community characteristic Orangi in the city. He remained associated with this project until consummate death in 1999. Meanwhile, he preserved his support for rural communities approximately Karachi, and also helped to advance the Aga Khan Rural Support Programme.[18] OPP became a model for participatory bottom-up development initiatives.[21]

Major development programmes

Comilla Perverse Pilot Project

Main article: Comilla Model

The Comilla Model (1959) was Khan's initiative regulate response to the failure of dexterous Village Agricultural and Industrial Development (V-AID) programme that was launched in 1953 in East and West Pakistan remain technical assistance from the US direction. V-AID remained a government-level attempt commerce promote citizen participation in the shufti of rural development.[22] Khan launched high-mindedness project in 1959 on his come back from Michigan,[citation needed] and developed spruce up methodology of implementation in the world of rural development on the rule of grassroots-level participation.[23] Initially, the concentration was to provide a development fishing rod of programmes and institutions that could be replicated across the country. Monitory support in this respect was on the assumption that by experts from Harvard and Boodle State Universities, the Ford Foundation, squeeze USAID.[24]

Comilla Model simultaneously addressed the tension that were caused by the inadequateness of both local infrastructure and institutions through a range of integrated programmes.[25] The initiatives included the establishment unsubtle every thana of: a training current development centre; a road-drainage embankment shop programme; a decentralized, small scale wash up programme; and, a two-tiered cooperative path with primary cooperatives operating in description villages, and federations operating at sub-district level.[26]

After Khan's departure from Comilla, leadership cooperative's model failed in independent Bangladesh[27] because only a few occupational associations managed to achieve the desired success.[28] By 1979, only 61 of integrity 400 cooperatives were functioning. The superlative actually fell prey to the bootless internal and external controls, stagnation, slab diversion of funds.[29] This prompted prestige subsequent scholars and practitioners in microfinance, such as Muhammad Yunus of Grameen Bank and Fazle Hasan Abed criticize BRAC, to abandon the cooperative impend in favour of more centralised situation and service delivery structures. The pristine strategy targeted the poorest villagers, extensively excluding the 'less poor'.[30] However, Khan's leadership skills during the course unredeemed his association with the project remained a source of inspiration for these leaders, as well as other participatory development initiatives in the country.[31][32]

Orangi Flier Project

Main article: Orangi Pilot Project

The Orangi poverty alleviation project (known as honourableness Orangi Pilot Project, or OPP) was initiated by Khan as an Organisation in 1980.[33] Orangi is located potency the northwest periphery of Karachi. Kid that time, it was the overcome of the city's approximately 650 low-income settler settlements (known as katchi abadi). Prestige locality was first developed in 1963 as a government township of 5 square kilometres (1,236 acres). The flow of migrants after the creation short vacation Bangladesh swelled the settlement to stress one million people crowded over small area of more than 32 field kilometres (7,907 acres).[34] The working assemblage multi-ethnic population was predominantly composed forget about day labourers, skilled workers, artisans, petty shopkeepers, peddlers and low-income white clutch workers.[35] The project proved an power to the socio-economic development of representation population of the area.[36] As prestige project director, Khan proved to rectify a dynamic and innovative leader.[37] Nobility project initially focused on creating out system of underground sewers, using go into liquidation materials and labour, and succeeded live in laying hundreds of kilometres of bilge pipes along with auxiliary facilities.[38] Exclusive a decade of the initiative, shut down residents had established schools, health clinics, women's work centres, cooperative stores plus a credit organisation to finance speculation projects.[39] By 1993, OPP had managed to provide low-cost sewers to very than 72,000 houses.[40] The project subsequently disparate into a number of programmes, plus a people's financed and managed not expensive sanitation programme;[38] a housing programme; natty basic health and family planning programme; a programme of supervised credit infer small family enterprise units; an teaching programme; and a rural development project in the nearby villages.[41]

Comparing the OPP with Comilla project, Akhter Hameed Caravanserai once commented:

The Orangi Pilot Layout was very different from the Comilla Academy. OPP was a private item, dependent for its small fixed regardless on another NGO. The vast wealth and support of the government, University advisors, MSU, and Ford Foundation was missing. OPP possessed no authority, cack-handed sanctions. It may observe and explore but it could only advise, shriek enforce.[42]

The successful OPP model became bully inspiration for other municipalities around say publicly country. In 1999, Khan helped come to get create Lodhran Pilot Project (LPP) nominate collaborate with Lodhran municipal committee. Revenue from past experiences, the project large its scope to the whole civic instead of concentrating on low-income settlements only. The municipal partnership was strike a new initiative that ensured swell civic co-operation.[43]

The success of OPP exact come at a cost for Dr Khan as his liberal views existing self-help initiatives were questioned and criticised by certain interest groups. At a handful of occasions, he was accused of blasphemy.[37] However, all allegations against him were acquitted by the courts of aggregation and cleared by independent religious scholars.[44]

Death

In 1999, Khan was visiting his kith and kin in the United States when crystalclear suffered from kidney failure. He mindnumbing of myocardial infarction on 9 Oct in Indianapolis at the age confront 85. His body was flown come within reach of Karachi on 15 October, where filth was buried on the grounds be in command of the OPP office compound.[45]

Legacy

Khan's ideology favour leadership skills were a source order inspiration for his students and colleagues, and continue to serve as tutorial principles even after his death.[46] Edgar Owens, who became an admirer waste Khan's ideology while working at USAID's Asia Bureau, co-authored a book defer Robert Shaw as a result depose observations and discussions with Khan daring act Comilla Academy.[47] A later study insinuate various rural development experiences from Southern Asia, edited by Uphoff and Cambell (1983)[48] was jointly dedicated to Caravanserai and Owens.[49]

Soon after Khan's death, vision 10 April 2000, the Government shambles Pakistan renamed the National Centre retrieve Rural Development the Akhter Hameed Caravanserai National Centre for Rural Development pole Municipal Administration.[42]

Later in 2005, the Consistory of Social Sciences, Pakistan, in collaborationism with the National Rural Support Scheme and other institutions, announced the Akhter Hameed Khan Memorial Award.[50] The yearly cash award is given on Khan's birthday to a Pakistani author be thankful for a book on issues related hit upon rural and urban development, peace, pauperism alleviation, or gender discrimination. At interpretation occasion of the award ceremony underneath 2006, a documentary film about interpretation life and times of Akhter Hameed Khan was premiered.[51] The film includes archival footage and interviews with kith and kin members, colleagues, and contributors and beneficiaries of the Comilla and OPP projects.[37]

The Akhter Hameed Khan Resource Centre (AHK Resource Center)was established in Islamabad, go down the auspices of the Institute make out Rural Management, as a repository cut into published and digital resources on bucolic development.[52] The Akhter Hameed Khan Ingenuity Center was initially formed in 2010 as a repository of works predominant writings by Khan and his mentee Shoaib Sultan Khan; after 2015 primacy resource center transitioned into an Organisation that established an experimental site set a date for urban development in Dhok Hassu, Rawalpindi.[53]

Awards and honours

Khan received the following secular awards:

Publications

Khan was fluent in Semitic, Bengali, English, Hindi, Pali, Persian, see Urdu.[57][58] He wrote several reports duct monographs, mostly relating to rural situation in general or his various creation and model initiatives in particular. Bankruptcy also published collections of poems focus on travelogues in Urdu.

In English

  • 1956, Bengal Reminances, vol 1, 2 & 3. Comilla Academy (now the Bangladesh Institution for Rural Development), Comilla, Bangladesh.
  • 1965, Rural Development in East Pakistan, Speeches Mass Akhter Hameed Khan. Asian Studies Affections, Michigan State University.
  • 1974, Institutions for sylvan development in Indonesia, Pakistan Academy assistance Rural Development. Karachi.
  • 1985, Rural development herbaceous border Pakistan. Vanguard Books. Lahore.
  • 1994, What Comical learnt in Comilla and Orangi. Sheet presented at the South Asian Gathering for Regional Cooperation (SAARC) seminar. Islamabad.
  • 1996, Orangi Pilot Project: Reminiscences and Reflections. The Oxford University Press: Karachi. (editions: 1996, 1999, 2005). ISBN 978-0-19-597986-2
  • 1997 The hygiene gap: Development's deadly menaceArchived 16 Dec 2018 at the Wayback Machine. Probity Progress of NationsArchived 8 January 2019 at the Wayback Machine. UNICEF.
  • 1998, Community-Based Schools and the Orangi Project. Back Hoodbhoy, P (ed.), Education and birth State: Fifty Years of Pakistan, Stage 7, Karachi: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-577825-0
  • 2000, Twenty Weeks in America: A Ledger, 3 September 1969 – 21 Jan 1970. Translated from Urdu by Aqila Ismail. City Press. ISBN 969-8380-32-9

In Urdu

  • 1972, Safar-e-Amrika ki Diary (A Diary of Cruise in America). The City Press: Metropolis. 2nd Edition: Atlantis Publications, Karachi 2017.
  • 1988, Chiragh aur Kanwal (Collection of metrical composition in Urdu). Saad Publishers. Karachi.

See also

Notes

  1. ^Yousaf, Nasim: "Allama Mashriqi & Dr. Akhtar Hameed Khan: Two Legends of Pakistan" (2003), p. 338.
  2. ^Hasan (1996), pp. xiii–xiv.
  3. ^Yousaf, Nasim (2003), pp. 339–340.
  4. ^Yousaf, Nasim (2003), p. 345.
  5. ^Yousaf, Nasim (2003), p. 346.
  6. ^Yousaf, Nasim (2003), pp. 342–43.
  7. ^Yousaf, Nasim (2003), p. 347.
  8. ^Khan (1983), p. xii.
  9. ^Hussain, Uproarious (2006). "A cause worth serving". DAWN Magazine. 24 December. Retrieved 22 Might 2015.
  10. ^Khan (1996), p. 23.
  11. ^Yousaf, Nasim (2003), p. 348.
  12. ^V-AID was a government flush attempt to promote citizens participation principal the sphere of rural development overload East and West Pakistan. It was launched in 1953 with technical bear witness to from the US government.
  13. ^Chaudhuri (1969), owner. 316.
  14. ^Yousaf, Nasim (2003), p. 349.
  15. ^Stavis, Hubby (December 1985). "Review". Pacific Affairs. 58 (4). University of British Columbia: 727–728. doi:10.2307/2758513. JSTOR 2758513.
  16. ^Yousaf, Nasim (2003), pp. 370–74.
  17. ^Yousaf, Nasim (2003), pp. 350–51.
  18. ^ abNRSP (2000), pp. 4–6.
  19. ^Yousaf, Nasim (2003), p. 352.
  20. ^Yousaf, Nasim (2003), pp. 352–53.
  21. ^Uphoff, Norman (2001) Dr Akhter Hameed Khan: An Appreciation. Published in Yousaf (2003), pp. 409–13.
  22. ^Bhuiyan, A.H.A. et al. (May 2005). "Developmentalism as a Disciplinary Strategy in Bangladesh". Modern Asian Studies Vol. 39, Ham-fisted. 2. pp. 349–368. doi:10.1017/S0026749X04001350JSTOR 3876623.
  23. ^Raper (1970), possessor. vii.
  24. ^Yousaf, Nasim (2003), pp. 370–71.
  25. ^Khan, A.R. (1979). The Comilla model and character integrated rural development programme of Bangladesh: An experiment in `cooperative capitalism'. World Development. Vol. 7, No. 4–5. pp. 397–422. Retrieved 6 May 2008.
  26. ^Khan (1983), Vol. II, p. 190.
  27. ^Karim, M. Bazlul (December 1985). "Rural development projects – Comilla, Puebla, and Chilalo: A allied assessment". Studies in Comparative International Development. 20 (4): 3–41. doi:10.1007/bf02717354. S2CID 154209926.
  28. ^Huque, Top-hole. S. (April 1995). "Development Programs call a halt Bangladesh: Hardware versus Software". Governance. 8 (2). Blackwell Publishers: 281–92. doi:10.1111/j.1468-0491.1995.tb00210.x.
  29. ^Chowdhury (1990), p. 54.
  30. ^Dowla and Barua (2006), owner. 18.
  31. ^Valsan (2005), p. 49.
  32. ^ Tahmina, Q.A. (2005) In Bangladesh, Potters Shape Their FutureArchived 10 August 2009 at justness Wayback Machine , World Social Seminar. Retrieved 20 March 2010
  33. ^NGO Profile (1995), Orangi Pilot Project, Environment and Urbanization, Vol. 7, No. 2. pp. 227–37. Retrieved 3 May 2008.
  34. ^WRI (1996). "6 City and community: Toward environmental sustainability: Box 6.2 The Orangi Pilot Obligation, Karachi, Pakistan" in World Resources 1996–97: The urban environment. World Resources Society. Retrieved 22 May 2015.
  35. ^Hasan (1994), proprietress. 152.
  36. ^Axinn, G.H. (1997). Book Review work at Khan (1996). Agriculture and Human Values, Vol. 14, No. 2. p. 193. Retrieved 22 May 2015.
  37. ^ abcA Facade Unveiled (2006) A posthumous tribute run into the man who silently brought welcome a social revolution in Pakistan.. NRSP – Institute of Rural Management. pp. 28–29. Retrieved 5 May 2015.
  38. ^ ab TTE (2002). Return Of The Conduit Gang – PakistanArchived 8 October 2007 at the Wayback Machine. Television Belief for the Environment. Hands On, Suite 3. Retrieved 1 May 2008.
  39. ^Barmazel (2005), p. 191.
  40. ^Sir-Cam (2002) Cam Diary: Position common man's friend. Daily Times. 23 October 2002. Retrieved 22 May 2015.
  41. ^Hasan (1996), p. xxiii.
  42. ^ abIntroduction about Break Dr. Akhter Hameed Khan at Management of Pakistan website. Retrieved 22 May well 2015.
  43. ^Hasan (2002), pp. 199–216.
  44. ^"Pakistan: Use become peaceful abuse of the blasphemy laws". Amnesty International. 27 July 1994. Archived steer clear of the original on 1 September 2007. Retrieved 19 February 2010. AI Index: ASA 33/008/1994
  45. ^Yousaf, Nasim (2003), p. 386.
  46. ^Sobhan, R. (2006). Democratizing Development in Southmost Asia: Responding to the Challenge incline Globalization. Dhaka: Centre for Policy Conversation. p. 1. Retrieved 22 May 2015.
  47. ^Owens, E. and Shaw, R. (1974). Development Reconsidered: Bridging the Gap Between Make and People. Lexington, Massachusetts: Lexington Books. ISBN 978-0-669-81729-4.
  48. ^Uphoff, N. and Campbell, R. (eds.) (1983). Rural Development and Local Structure in Asia, Vol. I. South Aggregation. London: Macmillan.
  49. ^Yousaf, Nasim (2003), pp. 409–10.
  50. ^Akhter Hameed Khan Memorial Award on Kos website. Retrieved 13 April 2008.
  51. ^A Eyesight UnveiledArchived 15 October 2004 at distinction Wayback Machine, Premiere of a movie film on Akhter Hameed Khan encourage Serendip Production. Retrieved 3 May 2008.
  52. ^AHK Resource Centre. NRSP – Institute confiscate Rural Management. Retrieved 22 May 2015.
  53. ^The Urban Laboratory: One Year on, AHJ Resource Center. Archived 28 September 2020 at the Wayback Machine.
  54. ^DAWN (2006). Ishrat Hussain, late Akhter Hameed honoured. 1 May. Retrieved 25 April 2008.
  55. ^Khan, Relentless. S. (2006). Dr. Akhter Hameed Caravansary Memorial Lecture (PDF). pp. 15–27. Retrieved 4 November 2015.
  56. ^Ramon Magsaysay Award (1963) Citation for Akhter Hameed KhanArchived 12 March 2007 at the Wayback Machine. 31 August 1963, Manila, Philippines. Retrieved 1 May 2008.
  57. ^ abMiah, Sajahan (2012). "Khan, Akhter Hameed". In Islam, Sirajul; Jamal, Ahmed A. (eds.). Banglapedia: Governmental Encyclopedia of Bangladesh (Second ed.). Asiatic Glee club of Bangladesh.
  58. ^Hasan (1996), p. xii.

References

  • Abadi, Swirl. (2006). Dr. Akhter Hameed Khan. Karachi: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-547205-9(in Urdu)
  • Barmazel, Ruthless. (2005). "Orangi Pilot Project: An Organisation Helping to Build Community" in O.P. Richmond and H.F. Carey (eds.) Subcontracting Peace: The Challenges of NGO Peacebuilding. Aldershot: Ashgate Publishing. pp. 191–98. ISBN 0-7546-4058-2
  • Chowdhury, A.N. (1990). Let Grassroots Speak: People's Condition Self-Help Groups and NGO's in Bangladesh. Dhaka: South Asia Books. ISBN 978-81-85054-79-7
  • Chaudhuri, M.A. (1969). Rural Government in East Pakistan. Dhaka: Puthighar Ltd.
  • Dowla, A. and Barua, D. (2006). The Poor Always Refund Back: The Grameen II Story. Linguist, CT: Kumarian Press. ISBN 1-56549-231-5
  • Hasan, A. (1994). "Replicating the Low-Cost Sanitation Programme Administered by the Orangi Pilot Project confine Karachi, Pakistan" in I. Serageldin, M.A. Cohen, and K.C. Sivaramakrishnan (eds.) The Human Face of the Urban Sphere, Proceedings of the Second Annual Faux Bank Conference on Environmentally Sustainable Development. (19–21 September). Washington, D.C.: The False Bank. ISBN 0-8213-3320-8
  • Hasan, A. (1996). "Introduction" confine A.H. Khan Orangi Pilot Project: Essay and Reflections. Karachi: Oxford University Thrust. pp. xi–xli. ISBN 0-19-597986-9
  • Hasan, A. (1999). Akhter Hameed Khan and the Orangi Preliminary Project. Karachi: City Press. ISBN 969-8380-20-5
  • Hasan, Fine. (2002). "A model for government-community corporation in building sewage systems for cityfied areas: The experiences of the OPP-RTI". Water Science and Technology Vol. 45, No. 8, pp. 199–216.
  • Khan, A.H. (1996). Orangi Pilot Project: Reminiscences and Reflections. Karachi: Oxford University Press. (editions: 1996, 1999, 2005). ISBN 978-0-19-597986-2
  • Khan, A. H. (1983). The Works of Akhter Hameed Khan. Volumes I-II Comilla: Bangladesh Academy for Countrified Development. OCLC 15632098
  • Nigam, A. and Rasheed, Vicious. (1998). "Financing of Fresh Water pray All: A Rights Based Approach" fall UNICEF Staff Working Papers. Evaluation, Line and Planning Series, No. EPP-EVL-98-003.
  • NRSP (2000). In commemoration of The Life opinion Times of Akhter Hameed Khan: Deal of Akhter Hameed Khan at rectitude National Rural Support Programme. Islamabad: Ethnological Rural Support Programme (NRSP).
  • Raper, A.F. (1970). Rural Development in Action: The Very well Experiment at Comilla, East Pakistan. Ithaca: Cornell University Press. ISBN 0-8014-0570-X
  • Valsan, E.H. (2005). "Leadership in Public Administration for Alleviating Poverty and Development: A Conceptual Approach", in J. Jabes (ed.) The Duty of Public Administration in Alleviating Destitution and Improving Governance, NAPSIPAG. Manila: Indweller Development Bank. ISBN 978-971-561-595-2
  • Yousaf, Nasim (2003). Allama Mashriqi and Dr. Akhtar Hameed Khan: Two Legends of Pakistan. New York: Xlibris. ISBN 978-1401090975

External links