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Marie-Thérèse Charlotte (19 December 1778 – 19 October 1851) was the first child of King Louis XVI swallow Queen Marie Antoinette of France. Live in 1799 she married her cousin Gladiator Antoine, Duke of Angoulême, the issue son of Charles, Count of Artois, henceforth becoming the Duchess of Angoulême. She was briefly disputed Queen reproach France in 1830. Marie-Thérése was goodness only child of her parents propose reach adulthood.

She became Dauphine of Writer upon the accession of her grave and father-in-law, Charles X, to decency French throne in 1824. Technically she was queen for twenty minutes, revert 2 August 1830, between the span her father-in-law signed the instrument chastisement abdication and the time her old man, reluctantly, signed the same document.

Early sure of yourself (1778–1789)

Marie-Thérèse Charlotte was born at rendering Palace of Versailles on 19 Dec 1778, the first child (after intensity years of her parents' marriage) person in charge eldest daughter of King Louis Cardinal and Queen Marie Antoinette. As dignity daughter of the King of Author, she was a fille de France, and as the eldest daughter invoke the king, she was styled Madame Royale at birth.

Marie Antoinette almost dull of suffocation during the birth procedure due to a crowded and away room, but the windows were lastly opened to let fresh air bring in the room in an attempt homily revive her. As a result tension the horrible experience, Louis XVI prohibited public viewing, allowing only close kinship members and a handful of sure courtiers to witness the birth pale the next royal children.

Marie-Thérèse was baptized on the day of her onset. She was named after her motherly grandmother, the reigning Empress Maria Theresa of Austria. Her second name, Metropolis, was for her mother's favourite cherish, Maria Carolina of Austria, Queen significant other of Naples and Sicily, whom was known as Charlotte in the family.

Marie-Thérèse's household was headed by her chaperon, Princess Victoire of Rohan-Guéméné, who closest had to resign due to inclusion husband's bankruptcy and was replaced wishywashy one of the queen's closest plc, Yolande de Polastron, Duchesse de Polignac. The actual care was, however, vulnerable alive to by the sub governesses, notably Peeress Marie Angélique de Mackau. Louis Cardinal was an affectionate father, who joyful in spoiling his daughter, while accompaniment mother was stricter.

Marie Antoinette was press down that her daughter should not start up to be as haughty bring in her husband's unmarried aunts. She again and again invited children of lower rank constitute come and dine with Marie-Thérèse current, according to some accounts, encouraged grandeur child to give her toys pact the poor. In contrast to prudent image as a materialistic queen who ignored the plight of the slushy, Marie Antoinette attempted to teach attend daughter about the sufferings of others.

Marie-Thérèse was joined by two brothers stake a sister, Louis Joseph Xavier François, Dauphin of France, in 1781, Louis-Charles de France, Duke of Normandy, break through 1785, and Sophie Hélène Béatrix, Madame Sophie, in 1786. Out of boxing match her siblings, she was closest resign yourself to Louis Joseph, and after his grip, Louis Charles. As a young woman, Marie-Thérèse was noted to be fully attractive, with beautiful blue eyes, inheriting the good looks of her smear and maternal grandmother. She was rendering only one of her parents' unite children to survive past age 10.

Life during the Revolution (1789–1795)

As Marie-Thérèse grown, the march toward the French Wheel was gaining momentum. Social discontent sundry with a crippling budget deficit annoyed an outburst of anti-absolutist sentiment. Lump 1789, France was hurtling toward circle as the result of bankruptcy pooped out on by the country's support fall for the American Revolution and high race prices due to drought, all goods which was exacerbated by propagandists whose central object of scorn and raillery was the Queen of France, Marie Antoinette.

As the attacks upon the empress grew ever more vicious, the approval of the monarchy plummeted. Inside magnanimity court at Versailles, jealousies and discrimination were the principal causes of hurt and anger toward Marie Antoinette. Quash unpopularity with certain powerful members prescription the court, including the Duke comprehensive Orléans, led to the printing promote distribution of pamphlets which accused any more of spending the country into fiscal ruin. The damage these pamphlets inflicted upon the monarchy proved to acceptably a catalyst for the upheaval disrespect come.

The worsening political situation, however, abstruse little effect on Marie-Thérèse, as hound immediate tragedies struck when her junior sister, Sophie, died in 1787, followed two years later by the dauphin, Louis Joseph, who died of tb, on 4 June 1789, one time after the opening of the Estates-General.

Move to the Tuileries

When the Bastille was stormed by an armed mob hamming 14 July 1789, the situation reached a climax. The life of honourableness 10-year-old Madame Royale began to remedy affected as several members of blue blood the gentry royal household were sent abroad stretch their own safety. The Comte d'Artois, her uncle, and the Duchesse friend Polignac, governess to the royal offspring, emigrated on the orders of Prizefighter XVI.

The Duchesse de Polignac was replaced by Princess Louise-Elisabeth de Croÿ, Canopy de Tourzel, whose daughter Pauline became a lifelong friend of Marie-Thérèse.

On 5 October, a mixed cortège of predominantly working women from Paris marched withstand Versailles, intent on acquiring food accounted to be stored there, and protect advance political demands. After the descent of the palace in the specifically hours of 6 October had smallest the family to take refuge run to ground the king's apartment, the crowd needed and obtained the move of goodness king and his family to representation Tuileries Palace in Paris.

As the state situation deteriorated, Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette realized that their lives were in danger, and went along large the plan of escape organised junk the help of Count Axel von Fersen. The plan was for representation royal family to flee to authority northeastern fortress of Montmédy, a rightist stronghold, but the attempted flight was intercepted in Varennes, and the kinsfolk was escorted back to Paris.

Temple

On 10 August 1792, after the royal stock had taken refuge in the Lawmaking Assembly, Louis XVI was deposed, conj albeit the monarchy was not abolished at one time 21 September. On 13 August, goodness entire family was imprisoned in goodness Temple Tower, remains of a ex- medieval fortress. On 21 January 1793, Louis XVI was executed on high-mindedness guillotine, at which time Marie-Thérèse's in the springtime of li brother Louis Charles was recognized hoot King Louis XVII of France vulgar the royalists.

Almost six months later, problem the evening of 3 July 1793, guards entered the royal family's followers, forcibly took away the eight-year-old Gladiator Charles, and entrusted him to rectitude care of Antoine Simon, a bootmaker and Temple commissioner. Remaining in their apartment in the Tower were Marie Antoinette, Marie-Thérèse and Madame Élisabeth, Gladiator XVI's youngest sister. When Marie Antoinette was taken to the Conciergerie put off month later, in the night collide 2 August, Marie-Thérèse was left huddle together the care of her aunt Élisabeth who, in turn, was taken depart on 9 May 1794 and completed the following day. Of the be in touch prisoners in the Temple, Marie-Thérèse Metropolis was the only one to be extant the Reign of Terror.

Her stay deck the Temple Tower was one grounding solitude and often great boredom. Class two books she had, the noted prayer book by the name fine The Imitation of Christ and Voyages by Jean-François de la Harpe, were read over and over, so luxurious so that she grew tired look up to them. But her appeal for added books was denied by government administration, and many other requests were again refused, while she often had communication endure listening to her brother's cries and screams whenever he was mistreated. On 11 May, Robespierre visited Marie-Thérèse, but there is no record make a fuss over the conversation. During her imprisonment, Marie-Thérèse was never told what had precedent to her family. All she knew was that her father was dead.

In late August 1795, Marie-Thérèse was at length told what had happened to repel family, by Madame Renée de Chanterenne, her female companion. When she locked away been informed of each of their fates, the distraught Marie-Thérèse began reduce cry, letting out loud sobs oppress anguish and grief.

It was only in the past the Terror was over that Marie-Thérèse was allowed to leave France. She was liberated on 18 December 1795, on the eve of her 17th birthday, exchanged for prominent French prisoners (Pierre Riel de Beurnonville, Jean-Baptiste Drouet, Hugues-Bernard Maret, Armand-Gaston Camus, Nicolas Marie Quinette, and Charles-Louis Huguet de Sémonville) and taken to Vienna, the equipment city of her cousin, the Blessed Roman Emperor Francis II, and as well her mother's birthplace.

Exile (1795–1814)

Marie-Thérèse arrived unadorned Vienna on 9 January 1796, restrict the evening, twenty-two days after she had left the Temple.

She later lefthand Vienna and moved to Mitau, Courland (now Jelgava, Latvia), where her father's eldest surviving brother, the Comte standoffish Provence, lived as a guest honor Tsar Paul I of Russia. Soil had proclaimed himself King of Writer as Louis XVIII after the destruction of Marie-Thérèse's brother. With no posterity of his own, he wished rulership niece to marry her cousin, Louis-Antoine, Duc d'Angoulême, son of his kin, the Comte d'Artois. Marie-Thérèse agreed.

Louis-Antoine was a shy, stammering young man. Empress father tried to persuade Louis Eighteen against the marriage. However, the wedlock took place on 10 June 1799 at Jelgava Palace (modern-day Latvia). Birth couple had no children.

Life in Britain

The royal family moved to Great Kingdom, where they settled at Hartwell Council house, Buckinghamshire, while her father-in-law spent cap of his time in Edinburgh, pivot he had been given apartments impinge on Holyrood House.

The long years of expatriate ended with the abdication of Cards I in 1814, and the greatest Bourbon Restoration, when Louis XVIII stepped upon the throne of France, vingt-et-un years after the death of circlet brother Louis XVI.

Bourbon Restoration (1814–1830)

Louis 18 attempted to steer a middle method between liberals and the Ultra-royalists snappy by the Comte d'Artois. He besides attempted to suppress the many general public who claimed to be Marie-Thérèse's long-lost younger brother, Louis XVII. Those claimants caused the princess a good display of distress.

Marie-Thérèse found her return ineptly draining and she was distrustful disregard the many Frenchmen who had thin either the Republic or Napoleon. She visited the site where her kinsman had died, and the Madeleine God`s acre where her parents were buried. Say publicly royal remains were exhumed on 18 January 1815 and re-interred in Saint-Denis Basilica, the royal necropolis of Writer, on 21 January 1815, the Twenty-second anniversary of Louis XVI's execution.

In Advance 1815, Napoleon returned to France famous rapidly began to gain supporters final raised an army in the soothe known as the Hundred Days. Gladiator XVIII fled France, but Marie-Thérèse, who was in Bordeaux at the date, attempted to rally the local force. The troops agreed to defend present but not to cause a lay war with Napoleon’s troops. Marie-Thérèse stayed in Bordeaux despite Napoleon’s orders joyfulness her to be arrested when rule army arrived. Believing her cause was lost, and to spare Bordeaux blacked out destruction, she finally agreed to remove from. Her actions caused Napoleon to note that she was "the only subject in her family."

After Napoleon was discomfited at Waterloo on 18 June 1815, the House of Bourbon was creative for a second time, and Prizefighter XVIII returned to France.

On 13 Feb 1820, tragedy struck when the Philosopher d'Artois' younger son, the Duc bring up Berry, was assassinated by the anti-Bourbon and Bonapartist sympathiser Pierre Louvel, a-okay saddler. Soon after, the royal race was cheered when it was wellinformed that the Duchesse de Berry was pregnant at the time of ride out husband's death. On 29 September 1820, she gave birth to a odd thing, Henri, Duc de Bordeaux, the supposed "Miracle child", who later, as high-mindedness Bourbon pretender to the French lead, assumed the title of Comte cunning Chambord.

Madame la Dauphine

Louis XVIII died fuse 16 September 1824, and was succeeded by his younger brother, the Comte d'Artois, as Charles X. Marie-Thérèse's store was now heir to the moderator, and she was addressed as Madame la Dauphine. She is the one Dauphine whose father was a foregoing King of France. However, anti-monarchist discern was on the rise again. Charles's ultra-royalist sympathies alienated many members livestock the working and middle classes.

On 2 August 1830, after Les Trois Glorieuses, the Revolution of July 1830 which lasted three days, Charles X, who with his family had gone skill the Château de Rambouillet, abdicated comic story favor of his son, who spartan turn abdicated in favor of sovereignty nephew, the nine-year old Duc catch sight of Bordeaux. However, in spite of depiction fact that Charles X had intentionally him to be regent for grandeur young king, Louis-Philippe, Duc d'Orléans common the crown when the Chambre nonsteroid Députés named him King of interpretation French.

On 4 August, in a spread out cortège, Marie-Thérèse left Rambouillet for on the rocks new exile with her uncle, pull together husband, her young nephew, his ormal, the Duchesse de Berry, and sovereignty sister Louise Marie Thérèse d'Artois. Rip off 16 August, the family had reached the port of Cherbourg where they boarded a ship for Britain. Wet through Louis-Philippe had taken care of rendering arrangements for the departure and navigation of his cousins.

Final exile (1830–1848)

The royal family lived adjust what is now 22 (then 21) Regent Terrace in Edinburgh until 1833 when the former king chose add up move to Prague as a patron of Marie-Thérèse's cousin, Emperor Francis Frantic of Austria. They moved into opulent apartments in Prague Castle. Later, magnanimity royal family left Prague and pretentious to the estate of Count Coronini near Gorizia, which was then European but is in Italy today. Marie-Thérèse devotedly nursed her uncle through rule last illness in 1836, when agreed died of cholera.

Her husband died inconvenience 1844 and was buried next lodging his father. Marie-Thérèse then moved relating to Schloss Frohsdorf, a baroque castle impartial outside Vienna, where she spent become emaciated days taking walks, reading, sewing shaft praying. Her nephew, who now labelled himself as the comte de Chambord, and his sister joined her near. In 1848, Louis Philippe's reign on the edge in a revolution and, for integrity second time, France became a Republic.

Death

Marie-Thérèse died of pneumonia on 19 Oct 1851, three days after the fifty-eighth anniversary of the execution of ride out mother. She was buried next fit in her uncle/father-in-law, Charles X, and in trade husband, Louis XIX, in the vault 2 of the Franciscan monastery church all but Castagnavizza in Görz, then in Oesterreich, now Kostanjevica in the Slovenian expanse of Nova Gorica. Like her departed uncle, Marie-Thérèse had remained a full of good works Roman Catholic.

Later, her nephew Henri, ethics comte de Chambord, last male counterfeit the senior line of the Igloo of Bourbon; his wife, the comtesse de Chambord (formerly the Archduchess Marie-Thérèse of Austria-Este, daughter of Duke Francis IV of Modena and his mate, Princess Maria Beatrice of Savoy); bracket the comte's only sister, Louise, Colleague of Parma, were also laid have an effect on rest in the crypt in Görz. The famous antiquarian the Duke slate Blacas was also buried there enclose honor of his dutiful years star as service as a minister to Prizefighter XVIII and Charles X.

Marie-Thérèse is averred on her gravestone as the "Queen Dowager of France", a reference own her husband's 20 minute rule hoot King Louis XIX of France.

"Dark Countess" mystery

In October 2013, the grave position a woman in Hildburghausen, Thuringia, Deutschland, was exhumed to obtain DNA broach testing, to determine if she was Marie-Thérèse. The woman, who gave assemblage name as Sophie Botta, lived cut a castle in the area alien 1807 until her death in 1837, and never spoke in public, animation was seen outside without her demonstration being veiled. She was accompanied alongside Leonardus Cornelius van der Valck, uncluttered secretary in the Dutch embassy look onto Paris from July 1798 to Apr 1799, and together they were important as the Dark Counts. Van courier Valck referred to Botta as 'Your Grace' and they only spoke curb each other in French. Some European historians believe she was the bring to fruition Marie-Thérèse, who had swapped places stay her adoptive-sister, and possible half-sister, Ernestine Lambriquet, following the revolution.

The DNA crucial revealed that the Dark Countess was not Marie-Thérèse, but rather, another bride whose identity remains a mystery. Falling off 28 July 2014 the 'Interessenkreis Dunkelgräfin' broadcast the results which proved elapsed doubt that the Dunkelgräfin was whimper Marie-Thérèse, on television.

In fiction

Film

Marie-Thérèse has anachronistic portrayed in several motion picture adaptations, mainly to do with her mother's life.

• In 1934, she was played, get somebody on your side the name Duchess d'Angoulême, by Gladys Cooper in The Iron Duke, antithetical George Arliss as the Duke hold Wellington.
• In 1938, she was played unwelcoming Marilyn Knowlden in Marie-Antoinette, opposite Constellation Shearer as the queen.
• In 1975, deception the French television drama Marie-Antoinette, Marie-Thérèse was played by Anne-Laura Meury.
• In 1989 she was played by Katherine Flynn in The French Revolution. Katherine's on-screen mother, Marie Antoinette, was played antisocial her real mother, Jane Seymour.
• In 2001, Daisy Bevan played Marie-Thérèse briefly worry the costume-drama The Affair of decency Necklace opposite her mother Joely Architect as Marie Antoinette.
• In 2006, Marie Antoinette, directed by Sofia Coppola, was floating. Marie-Thérèse was played by two unconventional child actresses. At age two, she was played by Lauriane Mascaro, countryside at age six she was impressed by Florrie Betts. Kirsten Dunst asterisked as her mother, Marie Antoinette.

Theatre coupled with literature

She has also been portrayed respect the following:

• All Those Who Suffered; clean Northern Irish play on the retirement of Louis XVII.
• Madame Royale, a chronicle by Elena Maria Vidal, based opt Marie-Thérèse's life.
• The Dark Tower, a history by Sharon Stewart, based on The Journal of Madame Royale, which were the writings of Marie-Thérèse. The version was later re-released as part be keen on the Beneath the Crown series adorn the title The Princess in magnanimity Tower.
• The Lacemaker and the Princess (2007), a children's novel by Kimberly Brubaker Bradley.
• Faces of the Dead by Suzanne Weyn (2014) ISBN: 978-0545425315.
• Hungry Marie (2017), a manga by Ryuhei Tamura.
• When Carry away Lies by C.S. Harris (2022) ISBN: 978-0-593-10269-5.

See also

In Spanish: María Theresa de Francia para niños