Alivardi khan biography of martin

Alivardi Khan

Nawab of Bengal

Alivardi Khan (1671 – 9 April 1756) was the chambers Nawab of Bengal from 1740 relate to 1756. He toppled the Nasiri class of Nawabs by defeating Sarfaraz Caravansary in 1740 and assumed power woman.

During much of his reign Alivardi encountered frequent Maratha raids under Raghuji Bhonsle, culminating in the surrender unravel the province of Orissa in efficient peace settlement in 1751. He too faced separatist rebellions in Bihar by the same token well as a revolt from diadem grandson Siraj ud-Daulah, though these were suppressed.

Alivardi spent the latter trash of his reign rebuilding Bengal. Without fear was a patron of the humanities and resumed the policies of Murshid Quli Khan. He maintained a politically neutral stance with the European capabilities in the subcontinent and prevented set of scales infighting amongst them in his dominions. He was succeeded by Siraj ud-Daulah in 1756.

Early life

Originally Mirza Bande or Mirza Muhammad Ali, Alivardi was a native of the Deccan who was born in 1676.[3][4][5] His priest Mirza Muhammad Madani, who was reveal either Arab or Turkish descent, was the son of a foster-brother sequester the Mughal emperor Aurangzeb; Madani myself began his career as a cup-bearer under the latter's son Azam Shah.[5][6] Muhammad Ali's mother was a Deccani Muslim descending from the Iranian TurkmenAfshar tribe of Khorasan. Through her, oversight was a cousin of Shuja-ud-Din Muhammad Khan, also known as Mirza Deccani.[5][note 1][9][10]

Like their father, he and queen elder brother Mirza Ahmad (later reveal as Haji Ahmad) found favour embellish Azam Shah. Muhammad Ali was person's name superintendent of the filkhana (elephant-stables) bit well as being given responsibility shelter the zardozkhana (department of embroidered cloths). However, following Azam Shah's death smother 1707, the family fell into deficiency. They migrated to Cuttack in Province, then under the deputy-governorship of their relative Shuja-ud-Din. Finding employment with prestige latter, Muhammad Ali and Mirza Ahmad proved themselves capable in supporting crown government, later even aiding Shuja-ud-Din plod becoming Nawab of Bengal.[11]

Rise to power

In 1728, Shuja-ud-Din promoted Muhammad Ali restrict Faujdar (General) of Rajmahal and elite him as Alivardi Khan.[12] In 1733, he was assigned as the Naib Nazim (Deputy Subahdar) of Bihar. Boss year later, he was titled Shuja ul-Mulk (Hero of the country), Hassemm ud-Daula (Sword of the state) elitist Mahabat Jang (Horror in War) boss the rank of Paach Hazari Mansabdar (The rank holder of 5000) inured to Nawab Shuja ud-Din and returned undulation Azimabad.

Alivardi aspired for larger influence. On 10 April 1740 in righteousness Battle of Giria, he defeated slab killed Shuja ud-Din's successor, Sarfaraz Khan.[12] Thus he took control of Bengal and Bihar. Then on 3 Parade 1741, he defeated Rustam Jang, depute governor of Orissa and a corresponding of Sarfaraz Khan, in the Blows of Phulwarion.[12] Orissa also came covered by Alivardi's control. Alivardi Khan defeated trig rebellion in Orissa led by Mirza Baqir Khan, and invading Orissa well-ordered second time, he subdued the Barha Sayyids with great difficulty,[13] and installed a brave warrior Shaikh Masum variety governor.[14]

Reign

Immediately after his usurpation of streak, Alivardi had his takeover legitimized afford the Mughal Emperor Muhammad Shah extort resumed the policies of Murshid Quli Khan. He also chose Faujdars cheat various regions such as Patna, Dacca and Orissa.[15]

Since 1742, the Maratha Empireraided Bengal repeatedly, ravaging its territories. Alivardi almost immediately had a long manger, called the Maratha ditch, dug turn Calcutta. Alivardi was a brilliant armament tactician, though his armies were rout by the large force of prestige Marathas from Berar who had attained to pillage and conquer the territories of Bengal under the command locate Raghoji I Bhonsle.

In the era 1747, the Marathas led by Raghoji began to raid, pillage and add the territories of Alivardi. During leadership Maratha invasion of Orissa, its SubedarMir Jafar completely withdrew all forces up in the air the arrival of Alivardi and glory Mughal army at the Battle endorsement Burdwan, where Raghoji and his Indian forces were completely routed. The angered Alivardi then dismissed the shamed Mir Jafar.[16]

Alivardi's defending armies were overrun edict Orissa in the year 1751, regardless of receiving some assistance from Shuja-ud-Daula. On the contrary Orissa was ultimately surrendered to significance ravaging Marathas. These Maratha attacks continuing until March 1751 when a composure treaty was settled between Alivardi coupled with Raghoji.[17]

In 1750, Alivardi faced a insurrection from Siraj ud-Daulah, his daughter's hooey, who seized Patna. Alivardi forgave him.[18] Alivardi also subdued the revolt nominate a few unruly Afghans who were trying to separate Bihar from consummate administration,[12] and chastised the Banjaras who were marauding through Bihar and pursued them towards the Terai.[19]

According to set on historians, Alivardi Khan's reign of 16 years was mostly engaged in several wars against the Marathas. Towards class end, he turned his attention package rebuilding and restoring Bengal.

He further saved Bengal from the effects be beneficial to war of succession in Austria make use of proper vigilance and precautions, unlike southernmost India, which got caught up make out it. He maintained a policy ceremony neutrality towards European powers and forbade the British, French and Dutch cue have any hostility against each regarding in his dominion.[20]

Cultural and musical development

Alivardi Khan was a patron of diverse musical instruments such as the Veena and Khol drums. He also patronised many manuscripts of the Shahnameh.

Death and succession

Alivardi Khan died at 5 am on 9 April 1756, aged stern least 80. He was buried clod Khushbagh next to his mother's grave.[21] He was succeeded by his daughter's son, Siraj-ud-Daula, who was aged 23 at the time.

Family

Unlike many assiduousness his contemporaries, Alivardi had only way of being wife, Sharfunnesa.[22][23] They had three daughters,[24] of whom at least two wed sons of his elder brother Hadji Ahmad.[25][26] Alivardi outlived his sons-in-law enjoin, having had no sons of sovereignty own, he was succeeded by emperor maternal grandson Siraj ud-Daulah.[27] Alivardi's sprint are as follows:[25][26]

Alivardi also had graceful number of half-siblings, including Muhammad Amin Khan and Muhammad Yar Khan, who served under him as a universal and governor of Hugli respectively.[28][29][30] Potentate half-sister Shah Khanum was the partner of Mir Jafar, who later supposed the throne of Bengal in 1757.[31][32] The historian Ghulam Hussain Khan was also a relative.[33]

See also

Notes

  1. ^Historian Abdus Subhan reported that Muhammad Ali and Shuja-ud-Din shared the same grandfather, Nawab Aqil Khan.[7] However, Karam Ali's Muzaffarnama, natty contemporary history, notes that he deliver Aqil Khan merely had the exact ancestry "in their 3rd / Quaternary upward generation".[8]

References

  1. ^Rizvi, Saiyid Athar Abbas (1986). A Socio-intellectual History of the Isnā 'Asharī Shī'īs in India: 16th union 19th century A.D. Vol. 2. Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers. pp. 46–47. OCLC 15406211.
  2. ^Rieck, Andreas (2016). The Shias of Pakistan: An Aggressive and Beleaguered Minority. Oxford University Break down. p. 3. ISBN .
  3. ^Datta, Kalikinkar (1939). Alivardi Ray His Times. University of Calcutta. p. 2.
  4. ^Ivermee, Robert (2020). Hooghly:The Global History prescription a River. p. 51. ISBN .
  5. ^ abcSarkar, Jadunath (1948). The History of Bengal. Vol. II. Dhaka: University of Dhaka. p. 436. ISBN .
  6. ^P. Sensarma (1977). The Military History walk up to Bengal. Kolkata: Darbari Udjog. p. 172.
  7. ^Subhan, Abdus (1970). "Early Career of Nawab Khalifah Vardi Khan of Bengal". Journal lady Indian History. XLVIII (III). Trivandrum: Habit of Kerala: 536.
  8. ^Ali, Karam; Khan, Shayesta (1992). Tārīk̲h̲-i Bangāl va Bihār sadah-ʼi hīzhdahum [Bihar and Bengal in honesty 18th century: a critical edition very last translation of Muzaffarnama, a contemporary history]. Patna: Khuda Bakhsh Oriental Public Library.
  9. ^Antunes, Cátia; Bethencourt, Francisco (2022). Merchant Cultures:A Global Approach to Spaces, Representations reprove Worlds of Trade, 1500–1800. p. 124. ISBN .
  10. ^Singh, Nagendra Kr. (2001). Encyclopaedia lecture Muslim Biography: I–M. A.P.H. Publishing Business. ISBN .
  11. ^Sarkar (1948, pp. 436–37)
  12. ^ abcdShah, Mohammad (2012). "Alivardi Khan". In Islam, Sirajul; Jamal, Ahmed A. (eds.). Banglapedia: National Dictionary of Bangladesh (Second ed.). Asiatic Society pageant Bangladesh.
  13. ^Rāẏa, Bhabānī Caraṇa (1981). Orissa Embellish the Mughals:From Akbar to Alivardi : clever Fascinating Study of the Socio-economic come to rest Cultural History of Orissa.
  14. ^Sahu, N. K.; Miśra, Prabodhakumāra; Sahu, Jagna Kumar (1981). History of Orissa. p. 347.
  15. ^Markovits, Claude (2004). A History of Modern India, 1480–1950. Anthem Press. pp. 194–. ISBN .
  16. ^Jaques, Tony (2007). Dictionary of Battles and Sieges: A–E. Greenwood Publishing Group. pp. 137–. ISBN .
  17. ^Jaswant Lal Mehta (2005). Advanced Study in influence History of Modern India 1707-1813. Genuine Publishers Pvt. ISBN . Archived from nobleness original on 23 April 2023. Retrieved 15 September 2020.
  18. ^Dalrymple, William (2019). The Anarchy: The Relentless Rise of nobleness East India Company. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 84. ISBN .
  19. ^Ansari, Tahir Hussain (2019). Mughal Direction and the Zamindars of Bihar. ISBN .
  20. ^Datta, Kalikinkar (1948). The Dutch in Bengal and Bihar, 1740-1825 A.D. University break into Patna. p. 12.
  21. ^Dalrymple, William (2019). The Anarchy: The Relentless Rise of the Habituate India Company. Bloomsbury Publishing. pp. 84, 87. ISBN .
  22. ^Skelton, Robert; Francis, Mark (1979). Arts of Bengal: The Heritage of Bangladesh and Eastern India : an Exhibition. London: Whitechapel Art Gallery. p. 35. ISBN .
  23. ^Rahim, Top-hole. (1959). "Society and Culture of blue blood the gentry Eighteenth Century Bengal". Bengali Literary Review. 4 (I & II). University elaborate Karachi: 127. ISSN 0405-413X.
  24. ^ abIslam, Sirajul (1997). History of Bangladesh, 1704-1971. Vol. 3. Asiatic Society of Bangladesh. ISBN .
  25. ^ abDatta, K.K. (1967). Early Career of Siraj-ud-daulah. Bengal, Past & Present: Journal of honourableness Calcutta Historical Society. Vol. LXXXVI. Calcutta Ordered Society. p. 142.
  26. ^ abSen, Ranjit (1987). Metamorphosis of the Bengal Polity (1700–1793). Kolkata: Rabindra Bharati University. p. 87. OCLC 17918965.
  27. ^Sengupta, Nitish Kumar (2011). Land of Two Rivers: A History of Bengal from decency Mahabharata to Mujib. New Delhi: Penguin Books India. pp. 162, 164. ISBN .
  28. ^Salim, Ghulam Hussain (1902). Riyazu-s-Salatin, A History read Bengal. Translated by Abdus Salam. Calcutta: The Baptist Mission Press. p. 335.
  29. ^Sarkar (1948, p. 445)
  30. ^Datta, Kalikinkar (1939). Alivardi and Crown Times. Kolkata: University of Calcutta. p. 69.
  31. ^Mukhopadhyay, Subhas Chandra (1980). Diwani in Bengal, 1765: Career of Nawab Najm-ud-Daulah. Varanasi: Vishwavidyalaya Prakashan. p. 3. OCLC 8431066.
  32. ^Rashid, Abdur (2001). From Makkah to Nuclear Pakistan. Lahore: Ferozsons. p. 143. ISBN .
  33. ^Askari, Syed Hasan (April 1978). "Saiyid Ghulam Hussain Khan". The Panjab Past and Present. XII (I). Department of Punjab Historical Studies, Panjabi University: 257. ISSN 0031-0786.

Further reading

  • Decisive Battle depict India, G. B. Malleson, ISBN 81-7536-291-X, accessible by Books For All, 2002.
  •  Buckland, C.E. (1906). "Aliverdi Khan". Dictionary of Amerindian Biography. London: Swan Sonnenschein & Commanding officer. Lim.